Urology Cancers: All about bladder, kidney, prostate, and Cancers

Kidney cancer can be overwhelming, especially when you’re searching for answers you can understand. This page lists all the questions about kidney cancer that have been answered on this site — clearly, and in simple everyday language. Whether you are newly diagnosed, supporting a loved one, or just curious, these articles are written to help you make sense of what is happening, one question at a time. New posts are added regularly. Each one is based on real questions people ask and explained without medical jargon. To read more, simply click on any of the titles below. Articles in This Series What is Kidney Cancer? How Common Is Kidney Cancer? What Causes Kidney Cancer? Is Kidney Cancer the Same as Renal Cell Carcinoma? Can You Live With One Kidney If the Other Has Cancer? Can Kidney Cancer Spread to Other Organs? What Is the Survival Rate for Kidney Cancer? Is Kidney Cancer Curable If Caught Early? Can Kidney Cancer Go Away on Its Own? Who Is at Risk of Developing Kidney Cancer? Does ...

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) is kidney cancer that has spread beyond the kidney to other parts of the body. “Metastatic” means the cancer cells have moved through the bloodstream or lymphatic system and formed tumors in distant organs. This is considered stage 4 kidney cancer. Where Can It Spread? Common sites of metastasis include: Lungs Bones Liver Lymph nodes Brain In some cases, the cancer may be found in more than one area at the same time. How Does It Happen? After developing in the kidney, cancer cells can break away from the original tumor and travel to other parts of the body. Some patients are diagnosed with metastatic disease from the start (called de novo mRCC), while others develop metastases months or years after initial treatment. Symptoms of Metastatic RCC Symptoms vary based on where the cancer has spread. These may include: Chronic cough or chest pain (lungs) Bone pain or fractures (bones) Fatigue, weight loss, or fevers Neurological symptoms like headaches ...

When kidney cancer comes back after surgery or initial treatment, it is called recurrence. Treatment depends on where the cancer has returned, how much it has spread, previous treatments, and your overall health. The goal may be curative (if caught early) or palliative (to control the cancer and improve quality of life). Local Recurrence If the cancer comes back near the original site, and you are otherwise healthy, surgery may still be an option. In some cases: A second surgery is performed to remove new tumors Ablation techniques like cryotherapy or radiofrequency ablation may be used if surgery isn't feasible Radiation therapy may help control pain or growth, although it's rarely curative in kidney cancer Distant Recurrence (Metastasis) If the cancer returns in distant organs like the lungs, bones, liver, or brain, treatment typically includes: Immunotherapy Drugs like nivolumab, pembrolizumab, or combinations with ipilimumab help activate the immune system to attack cancer ...

Yes, kidney cancer can come back even after 10 years, although this is uncommon. Most recurrences occur within the first 3 to 5 years after treatment. However, late recurrences—those that happen 10 or more years later—are possible, particularly in low-grade, slow-growing tumors or certain histological subtypes like papillary RCC or chromophobe RCC. Why Can It Come Back So Late? Kidney cancer is known for having an unpredictable course. In some patients, cancer cells may remain inactive (dormant) for years before becoming active again. Factors that may influence late recurrence include: Tumor biology (e.g., low-grade tumors that grow slowly) Incomplete follow-up beyond 5 years Initial tumor stage and size In rare cases, even patients with early-stage tumors and successful surgery can experience recurrence over a decade later. Where Does It Usually Recur? Late recurrence can occur: In the lungs, bones, or liver Near the original kidney site In lymph nodes or distant organs Because many l...

After kidney cancer surgery or treatment, it is important to stay alert to the possibility of recurrence. While regular scans often detect a return of the cancer before symptoms appear, there are some warning signs that may suggest the cancer has come back, either in the kidney area or in other parts of the body. Common Signs of Local Recurrence If cancer returns near the original site (called local recurrence), symptoms may include: Pain or discomfort in the side or back A lump or swelling in the abdomen or flank Blood in the urine (visible or microscopic) Fatigue or feeling generally unwell These symptoms might resemble those present at the initial diagnosis. Signs of Distant Recurrence (Metastasis) When kidney cancer returns in distant organs, symptoms depend on the location: Lung involvement: persistent cough, coughing up blood, or shortness of breath Bone metastases: bone pain (especially in the back, hips, or ribs), or fractures Liver involvement: abdominal pain, swelling, or ja...

After kidney cancer surgery, one of the biggest concerns is whether the cancer will return. This is known as recurrence. The risk of recurrence depends on several factors, including the stage, grade, type of kidney cancer, and whether the entire tumor was successfully removed. Recurrence Rates by Stage In general: For stage 1 tumors (small, confined to the kidney), the recurrence risk is low—around 5–10% For stage 2 and 3 tumors, the risk rises to 20–40% For stage 4 or metastatic cases, recurrence or progression is more likely, even after surgery Most recurrences happen within the first 3 to 5 years after treatment, which is why close follow-up during this time is crucial. Types of Recurrence Kidney cancer can return in several ways: Local recurrence : near the original surgery site Distant recurrence : in organs like the lungs, bones, liver, or brain Lymph node recurrence Recurrence may be detected through routine imaging (such as CT or MRI scans) or through symptoms like pain, unexpl...

Yes, kidney cancer does show some differences between men and women in terms of risk, diagnosis, biology, and outcomes. While both sexes can develop kidney cancer, men are about twice as likely to be diagnosed with it compared to women. However, women tend to be diagnosed at an older age and often have different disease characteristics. Differences in Risk and Diagnosis Incidence: Kidney cancer is significantly more common in men. The lifetime risk is roughly 1 in 46 for men and 1 in 80 for women. Age at diagnosis: Women are often diagnosed later in life compared to men. Symptoms: Both men and women can present with similar symptoms—such as blood in the urine or side pain—but some studies suggest women may have less specific or delayed symptoms, leading to later-stage diagnoses. Differences in Tumor Type and Biology Some studies have found that women may more often have chromophobe or papillary subtypes, while men more commonly develop clear cell RCC, which is generally more aggress...

Clinical trials are research studies designed to test new treatments or improve how existing treatments are used. In kidney cancer, clinical trials help identify better therapies, improve outcomes, and expand future options—particularly for individuals with advanced or treatment-resistant disease. Participation in a clinical trial may be considered when standard treatments are no longer effective or when new approaches may offer improved results. Eligibility is based on factors such as cancer type and stage, previous treatments, and overall health. Why Join a Clinical Trial? Clinical trials provide: Access to experimental therapies before they are widely available High-level medical oversight from specialized teams A contribution to the advancement of kidney cancer treatment for future patients All trials follow strict safety protocols and are reviewed by ethics committees to ensure participant well-being. Types of Trials for Kidney Cancer Current trials explore: New immunotherapy drug...

Nivolumab (brand name Opdivo) is an immunotherapy drug used to treat advanced kidney cancer. It belongs to a class of medications known as immune checkpoint inhibitors. These drugs help your immune system recognize and attack cancer cells more effectively. In kidney cancer, nivolumab is often used when the disease is advanced (stage 4) or has returned after previous treatment. How Does Nivolumab Work? Normally, cancer cells can “hide” from the immune system by activating a protein called PD-1 on immune cells. Nivolumab blocks this interaction, allowing immune cells to detect and destroy cancer cells. This process does not directly kill cancer like chemotherapy does—instead, it removes the brakes on the immune system, helping your body fight the cancer naturally. How Is It Given? Nivolumab is given as an intravenous (IV) infusion, typically: Every 2 to 4 weeks In a hospital or infusion clinic Over a period of 30 to 60 minutes It may be used: Alone, especially if other treatments haven’t...

Cabozantinib (brand names Cabometyx for kidney cancer and Cometriq for other cancers) is a targeted therapy drug used to treat advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). It works by blocking multiple pathways that help cancer cells grow and spread, especially those involved in tumor blood supply and cell signaling. Cabozantinib is commonly used: As a first-line treatment in combination with nivolumab As a second-line option if other treatments have failed How Does It Work? Cabozantinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). It targets several key proteins such as VEGFR, MET, and AXL, which are involved in: Angiogenesis (growth of blood vessels that supply tumors) Tumor cell survival and movement Drug resistance in cancer cells By blocking these pathways, cabozantinib starves tumors of nutrients and slows their growth. How Is It Taken? Taken orally as a tablet, usually once daily Doses are typically 60 mg per day, but may be adjusted based on tolerance It should be taken on an em...

Belzutifan (brand name Welireg) is a new targeted therapy approved for certain patients with kidney cancer, especially those with genetic conditions like von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. It represents a new class of drugs called HIF-2α inhibitors, which work differently from older therapies by targeting a specific protein that fuels tumor growth in the kidneys and other organs. How Does Belzutifan Work? Belzutifan targets a protein called hypoxia-inducible factor 2-alpha (HIF-2α). In people with kidney cancer—especially those with VHL syndrome—this protein is often overactive, even when oxygen levels are normal. Overactivity of HIF-2α promotes: Tumor cell survival New blood vessel growth Abnormal cell proliferation By blocking HIF-2α, belzutifan disrupts the cancer’s energy supply, slowing or halting tumor growth. Who Can Benefit? Belzutifan is currently: Approved for patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease-associated RCC Being studied in clinical trials for broader use in sporadic adv...

Sorafenib (brand name Nexavar) is a targeted therapy used to treat advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), particularly in patients who have progressed after other treatments or are not eligible for newer therapies. It was one of the earliest effective oral treatments developed for kidney cancer. Sorafenib is part of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) family and works by blocking several important proteins that help tumors grow and develop their own blood supply. How Does It Work? Sorafenib targets multiple pathways involved in tumor growth and angiogenesis (blood vessel formation), including: VEGFR PDGFR RAF kinases By inhibiting these signals, sorafenib helps: Cut off the tumor’s blood supply Slow or stop cancer cell growth Delay disease progression How Is It Taken? Taken orally, usually twice daily (400 mg per dose) Should be taken on an empty stomach or with a low-fat meal Treatment continues as long as it is effective and tolerable Close monitoring with regular blood tests and imagi...

Targeted therapy is an important treatment for advanced kidney cancer, but like all cancer treatments, it can cause side effects. These drugs work by blocking pathways that help cancer grow, especially those involved in blood vessel formation and cell signaling. However, these same pathways also exist in healthy tissues, which is why side effects can occur. Most targeted therapy drugs for kidney cancer—such as cabozantinib, sunitinib, axitinib, and lenvatinib—are taken as oral tablets and used either alone or in combination with immunotherapy. Common Side Effects These vary between drugs, but the most frequently reported include: High blood pressure – Often develops during treatment and must be monitored and controlled. Diarrhea – May range from mild to severe and can lead to dehydration if untreated. Fatigue – A common symptom, especially after weeks or months of continuous use. Hand-foot syndrome – Redness, swelling, pain, or blistering on palms and soles. Mouth sores – Painful ulcer...

Sunitinib (brand name Sutent) is an oral targeted therapy used to treat advanced kidney cancer, especially renal cell carcinoma (RCC). It was one of the first effective drugs for kidney cancer after surgery and remains in use today, particularly in certain patients or healthcare systems where newer drugs may not be available. Sunitinib works by blocking multiple proteins that cancer cells need to grow and form new blood vessels. How Does It Work? Sunitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). It targets proteins such as: VEGFR – involved in tumor blood supply PDGFR – promotes tumor growth c-KIT and FLT3 – related to cell signaling and survival By blocking these, sunitinib slows tumor growth and cuts off the blood supply that cancers rely on. How Is It Taken? Sunitinib is taken by mouth, usually 50 mg once daily The most common cycle is 4 weeks on, 2 weeks off Some patients may use a reduced daily dose continuously, depending on side effects Regular blood tests and scans are used to mo...

Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that works by stimulating the body’s own immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. It has become one of the most important advances in the treatment of advanced or metastatic kidney cancer, especially when surgery alone is not enough. Unlike chemotherapy, which attacks all rapidly dividing cells, immunotherapy helps the immune system specifically target and attack cancer cells while sparing most healthy tissues. How Does It Work? In kidney cancer, immunotherapy drugs are typically immune checkpoint inhibitors. These block the proteins that cancer cells use to “hide” from the immune system. Commonly used drugs include: Nivolumab (Opdivo) Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) Ipilimumab (Yervoy) These may be given: Alone, for patients who have already had other treatments Or in combination, such as nivolumab + ipilimumab, especially in the first-line setting Some patients may also receive immunotherapy combined with targeted therapy drugs (e.g., ...

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. While it is not the primary treatment for most kidney cancers, it still plays a role in certain situations—especially when the cancer has spread or when surgery isn’t an option. Unlike other cancers where radiation is often used to shrink or cure tumors, kidney tumors are relatively resistant to radiation. Therefore, its role in kidney cancer is more supportive or palliative rather than curative. Radiation Therapy may be used in the following scenarios:  Pain Management Radiation can help relieve pain caused by bone metastases, where kidney cancer has spread to the bones. It reduces tumor size and eases pressure on nerves or surrounding tissues. Control of Bleeding or Symptoms In rare cases where the primary tumor causes bleeding or is inoperable, radiation may help control symptoms and improve comfort. Brain Metastases If kidney cancer spreads to the brain, stereotactic radiosurgery (a focused form of radiation) may be ...

Pazopanib (brand name Votrient) is a targeted oral therapy used to treat advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a common form of kidney cancer. It is part of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) class of drugs, designed to block specific proteins that help tumors grow and spread. Pazopanib is typically used: As a first-line treatment for advanced kidney cancer in patients who may not be candidates for immunotherapy As a second-line option when other drugs are not suitable How Does It Work? Pazopanib works by blocking several proteins that tumors use to survive and grow, including: VEGFR (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor) PDGFR (platelet-derived growth factor receptor) c-KIT By targeting these receptors, pazopanib: Reduces blood flow to the tumor (anti-angiogenesis) Slows tumor growth Helps control spread of the disease How Is It Taken? Taken by mouth, once daily, usually at a dose of 800 mg Must be taken on an empty stomach, either 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal Swallow ...

Pembrolizumab (brand name Keytruda) is an immunotherapy drug used to treat advanced or metastatic kidney cancer. It belongs to a class of medications called immune checkpoint inhibitors, which help the body’s immune system detect and destroy cancer cells. In kidney cancer, pembrolizumab is used either: In combination with lenvatinib as a first-line treatment, or With other treatments in certain clinical trial settings How Does It Work? Pembrolizumab targets a protein called PD-1 found on immune cells. Cancer cells often use PD-1 to “hide” from the immune system. By blocking this signal, pembrolizumab activates immune cells to recognize and attack the tumor. This doesn’t work like chemotherapy. Instead of killing cancer directly, it boosts your immune system's natural ability to fight the cancer more effectively. How Is It Given? Pembrolizumab is given as an IV infusion, usually every 3 or 6 weeks Each infusion session takes about 30 minutes Treatment may continue for up to 2 years,...

Everolimus (brand name Afinitor) is a targeted therapy used to treat advanced or metastatic kidney cancer, particularly when other treatments such as VEGF inhibitors have stopped working. It belongs to a class of drugs called mTOR inhibitors, which block a protein that helps cancer cells grow and divide. Everolimus is typically used: As a second- or third-line treatment for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) In patients who have progressed on other therapies, like sunitinib or sorafenib How Does It Work? Everolimus works by blocking the mTOR pathway—a key signal that regulates cell growth, survival, and metabolism. In many cancers, including kidney cancer, this pathway is abnormally active. By targeting mTOR, everolimus: Slows down or stops tumor growth Reduces blood vessel formation in tumors May stabilize the disease for months in advanced stages How Is It Taken? Taken orally, once daily, as a 10 mg tablet Should be taken at the same time each day, with or without food Treatment continues un...

Lenvatinib (brand name Lenvima) is a targeted therapy used to treat advanced kidney cancer. It belongs to a group of drugs called tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), which block specific proteins that cancer cells use to grow and form new blood vessels. In kidney cancer, lenvatinib is typically used: In combination with pembrolizumab (an immunotherapy) After previous treatment with other targeted or immune therapies This combination has shown strong effectiveness, especially in people with advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). How Does It Work? Lenvatinib blocks multiple growth pathways—specifically VEGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, RET, and KIT—which are involved in: Tumor blood vessel formation (angiogenesis) Cell growth and survival Tumor spread and drug resistance By targeting these pathways, lenvatinib slows tumor growth, reduces blood supply to the tumor, and enhances immune response when combined with immunotherapy. How Is It Taken? Taken by mouth as a capsule, once daily Often gi...