What Is Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer?

Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is a type of bladder cancer that affects only the inner layer of the bladder lining and has not spread into the muscle wall of the bladder. It is sometimes called superficial bladder cancer, although the term “non-muscle-invasive” is more accurate. This type of cancer is usually detected at an early stage and is more common than muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

In non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, the tumor grows on the surface lining of the bladder rather than deep into the tissue. Because of this, it is often easier to treat, and many people do well with treatment. However, this type of bladder cancer has a higher chance of coming back after treatment, so regular monitoring is important.

Symptoms often include blood in the urine, which may appear pink, red, or brown. Sometimes the blood is not visible and is found only during a urine test. Some people may also notice changes in bladder habits, such as urgency or more frequent urination. These symptoms are not always related to cancer, but they are important to check.

Diagnosis usually begins with a cystoscopy, where a small camera is used to look inside the bladder. If abnormal tissue is seen, it is removed or sampled for testing. Imaging studies or urine tests may also be done to help confirm the diagnosis and plan treatment.

Treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer often includes a procedure called transurethral resection of bladder tumor, where the tumor is removed through the urethra without making an incision. After removal, medication may be placed directly into the bladder, known as intravesical therapy. The most common treatment is BCG immunotherapy, which helps the immune system attack any remaining cancer cells and reduce the risk of recurrence. Sometimes chemotherapy drugs are used in a similar way.

Because non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer can come back, follow-up care is essential. This usually includes regular cystoscopy checks, urine tests, and sometimes imaging. The schedule depends on the type, grade, and behavior of the tumor.

Even though the diagnosis can feel overwhelming, many people with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer live full and active lives. With early treatment and ongoing monitoring, the condition can often be managed successfully.

In summary, non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer affects only the bladder lining and is usually treatable. Monitoring is important because it can return, but early detection and treatment help maintain long-term bladder health.