What Is Bladder Cancer?

Bladder cancer is a disease that begins when cells in the bladder grow abnormally and form a mass called a tumor. The bladder is a hollow organ in the lower abdomen that stores urine before it leaves the body. When the lining of the bladder, known as the urothelium, changes and grows uncontrollably, cancer can develop. Over time, if not detected early, the tumor can invade deeper layers of the bladder wall or spread to other parts of the body.

Most cases of bladder cancer start in the inner lining and are called urothelial carcinomas or transitional cell carcinomas. Less common types include squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, which usually occur after long-term irritation or infection. This cancer is more common in older adults and occurs more often in men than in women.

The exact cause is not always known, but several factors increase the risk. Smoking is the leading cause, as harmful chemicals from tobacco are filtered by the kidneys and collect in the bladder, damaging its lining. Other risks include exposure to industrial chemicals, chronic bladder inflammation, certain medications, family history, and previous radiation or chemotherapy for other cancers.

Common symptoms of bladder cancer include blood in the urine (which may make urine appear pink, red, or brown), frequent urination, pain or burning when urinating, and the feeling of needing to urinate even when the bladder is not full. Sometimes, these symptoms are mistaken for urinary tract infections or other less serious conditions, which is why seeing a doctor for proper diagnosis is important.

Early detection plays a vital role in successful treatment. When caught in its early stages, bladder cancer can often be treated without removing the bladder. However, if ignored, it can become invasive and harder to control. Diagnostic tests may include urine tests, imaging studies, and a procedure called cystoscopy, where a small camera is used to view the inside of the bladder.

Understanding what bladder cancer is and recognizing its early signs can make a life-saving difference. If you notice changes in your urination or see blood in your urine, consult a healthcare professional promptly. Early medical attention gives the best chance for cure and long-term survival.

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