What Is Urinary Retention?

Urinary retention is a condition in which the bladder does not empty completely, or in some cases, does not empty at all. It can occur suddenly or develop slowly over time. Some people may find it difficult to start urinating, while others may feel the need to urinate often but release only small amounts each time. In more severe cases, a person may be unable to pass urine at all, which can become a medical emergency.

There are two main types of urinary retention. Acute urinary retention begins suddenly and is often painful. It requires urgent treatment, usually with a catheter to drain the bladder.

Chronic urinary retention develops gradually and may go unnoticed at first. Over time, it can cause discomfort, a weak urine stream, or frequent trips to the toilet, especially at night.

Urinary retention can be caused by several factors. One of the most common causes in men is an enlarged prostate, which presses against the urethra and blocks the flow of urine. In both men and women, bladder stones, urethral strictures, or pelvic organ prolapse can create physical blockages that prevent the bladder from emptying properly.

Nerve problems are another important cause. Conditions such as diabetes, spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, or stroke can damage the nerves that control the bladder. When the bladder muscles and nerves do not communicate well, the bladder may not contract when needed, leading to urine buildup.

Certain medications that relax the bladder or tighten the sphincter muscles can also lead to urinary retention. These may include drugs for allergies, depression, or overactive bladder. After surgery, especially in the pelvic or spinal area, temporary retention may occur due to swelling or nerve irritation.

Symptoms of urinary retention may include difficulty starting urination, a slow or weak urine stream, feeling as if the bladder is never fully empty, or needing to urinate again soon after finishing. In some cases, people may experience pain, bloating, or infections caused by stagnant urine.

Treatment depends on the cause. It may involve catheterization to relieve immediate pressure, medications to improve urine flow, or surgery to correct structural issues. In chronic cases, long-term bladder management may be necessary to prevent complications.

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