What Is a Cystoscopy?

A cystoscopy is a medical procedure that allows a doctor to look inside the bladder and urethra using a thin tube with a camera and light at the tip. This instrument is called a cystoscope. The purpose of a cystoscopy is to help diagnose urinary problems, check for abnormalities, or guide certain treatments when needed. It gives a clear view of the bladder lining, the urethra, and the opening of the ureters where urine enters the bladder from the kidneys.

A cystoscopy may be recommended for several reasons. Common reasons include investigating symptoms such as blood in the urine, repeated bladder infections, difficulty urinating, pelvic pain, or problems with bladder control. It may also be used to look for bladder stones, inflammation, narrowing of the urethra, tumors, or structural changes. In some cases, a cystoscopy is performed as part of monitoring for bladder cancer or after certain treatments.

There are two main types of cystoscopes: flexible and rigid. A flexible cystoscope bends and is usually used when the goal is to examine and diagnose. A rigid cystoscope does not bend and may be used when performing certain treatments during the procedure. The type used depends on the purpose and the patient’s needs.

The procedure can be done under local anesthesia, meaning the doctor applies a numbing gel to the urethra, so the patient remains awake but comfortable. In some situations, especially when using a rigid cystoscope or when a child is undergoing the procedure, sedation or general anesthesia may be used. The doctor then gently guides the scope through the urethra into the bladder. Sterile liquid is used to fill the bladder slightly, which helps provide a clear view.

Most people feel pressure or a sensation of needing to urinate during the procedure, but it should not be painful when numbing medicine is used. The cystoscopy usually lasts between five and twenty minutes, depending on whether treatment is performed at the same time.

After the procedure, it is common to feel mild discomfort, a burning sensation while passing urine, or the need to urinate more frequently for a short period. Drinking extra water can help ease symptoms. Sometimes a small amount of blood may appear in the urine for a day or two. If symptoms such as severe pain, fever, or heavy bleeding occur, medical advice should be sought.

A cystoscopy is an important diagnostic tool that helps doctors identify the cause of urinary symptoms and decide on the most suitable treatment. In many cases, it provides clear answers and helps guide the next steps in care.

Looking for more questions?

Visit the Bladder Questions Answered in Plain Language page.

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