What Is a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)?

Urinary tract infection, or UTI, is a condition where harmful bacteria enter parts of the urinary system—most often the bladder and urethra—causing discomfort, inflammation, and sometimes serious complications if left untreated.

UTIs are much more common in women than men. This is because the female urethra is shorter, allowing bacteria easier access to the bladder. However, men, especially older men with enlarged prostates, can also get UTIs. Children and older adults may also be at risk.

The most common cause of UTI is the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli), which lives in the bowel. When it travels from the rectum to the urethra and up into the bladder, it can multiply and trigger infection. Poor hygiene, dehydration, sexual activity, holding urine for too long, or catheter use can all increase the risk.

Common symptoms include a burning sensation while urinating, frequent urge to urinate, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, lower abdominal pain, and sometimes blood in the urine. Some people may also feel pressure in the lower belly or have fever if the infection has reached the kidneys.

In children or older adults, the symptoms may not be as obvious. Confusion, fatigue, or changes in behavior may be the only signs, especially in the elderly.

UTIs are usually diagnosed with a urine test, which checks for white blood cells, bacteria, and blood. Treatment typically involves a short course of antibiotics, along with plenty of fluids to help flush out the infection. In some cases, especially if symptoms are severe or keep returning, further testing by a urologist may be needed.

While most UTIs are not serious if treated early, ignoring symptoms can allow the infection to spread to the kidneys, leading to more severe illness. Drinking enough water, urinating regularly, and good hygiene are simple steps that can reduce your risk.