What Is Interstitial Cystitis or Painful Bladder Syndrome?

Interstitial cystitis (IC)—also known as painful bladder syndrome—is a chronic condition that causes discomfort, pressure, or pain in the bladder and pelvic area. Unlike a typical urinary tract infection (UTI), it is not caused by bacteria and does not go away with antibiotics.

IC can affect both men and women, but it is far more common in women. The symptoms often feel similar to a UTI, which can make diagnosis difficult. Many people report frequent urination, urgency to urinate, pain before, during, or after urinating, and a feeling of fullness or pressure in the bladder, even after it is empty. Some may also feel pain during sexual activity.

The exact cause of interstitial cystitis is still unclear. It is believed to be linked to a breakdown in the protective lining of the bladder, which may allow irritating substances in urine to reach the bladder wall. Others suggest that the immune system, nerves, or even past infections may play a role. It may also occur alongside other chronic conditions like irritable bowel syndrome or fibromyalgia.

Because there is no specific test for IC, diagnosis is made by ruling out other conditions such as infection, kidney stones, or bladder cancer. Your doctor may do a urinalysis, urine culture, cystoscopy, or other scans to exclude other causes of your symptoms.

There is no known cure for IC, but symptoms can often be managed. Treatment may include dietary changes, bladder training, physical therapy, oral medications, or bladder instillations, where medication is delivered directly into the bladder. In some cases, referral to a urologist is necessary for long-term management.

While IC is not life-threatening, it can affect daily life, sleep, and emotional wellbeing. Early diagnosis and a personalized treatment plan can make a significant difference in symptom control.