Can Kidney Cancer Spread to Other Organs?

Yes, kidney cancer can spread to other organs, especially if it is not detected and treated early. This process is called metastasis. When kidney cancer spreads, it moves beyond the kidney to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

Where Does It Usually Spread?

The most common sites of metastasis include:

• Lungs – Shortness of breath, persistent cough, or chest pain may occur.
• Bones – Can cause pain, fractures, or weakness.
• Liver – May lead to weight loss, fatigue, or abnormal liver tests.
• Lymph nodes – Enlarged nodes may be seen in the abdomen or chest.
• Brain – Less common, but can cause headaches, vision problems, or confusion.

Once kidney cancer has spread, it is considered stage 4 (advanced or metastatic) cancer. This does not mean that it is untreatable, but it usually requires systemic treatment rather than surgery alone.

How Is Metastatic Kidney Cancer Diagnosed?

Doctors use imaging tests to check for spread:

• CT scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis
• Bone scans if bone pain is present
• MRI or brain scans if neurological symptoms arise
• Biopsy of suspicious lesions may confirm metastasis

What Are the Treatment Options?

Treatment for metastatic kidney cancer may include:

• Immunotherapy (e.g., nivolumab, pembrolizumab)
• Targeted therapy (e.g., cabozantinib, lenvatinib)
• In selected cases, surgery or radiation for symptom relief
• Participation in clinical trials

Even when the cancer has spread, treatment can often slow progression, reduce symptoms, and improve quality of life.

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