Can Kidney Cancer Come Back After Surgery?

Yes, kidney cancer can come back after surgery, even if the tumor was completely removed. This is known as a recurrence. While many patients are cured with surgery—especially in early stages—there is always some risk that cancer cells may remain undetected and later grow again.

Where Can It Come Back?

Recurrence can happen:

• In the remaining kidney
• Near the surgical site (local recurrence)
• In distant organs like the lungs, bones, liver, or brain (metastatic recurrence)

The risk of recurrence depends on:

• The stage and grade of the original tumor
• Whether the tumor had invaded blood vessels or surrounding tissue
• Lymph node involvement at the time of surgery
• Patients with larger or more aggressive tumors have a higher chance of recurrence compared to those with small, confined tumors.

When Does It Usually Happen?

Most recurrences occur within the first 3 to 5 years after surgery. However, late recurrences—after 5 years—can also happen, especially in slower-growing tumors.

How Is Recurrence Detected?

Because recurrence can happen without symptoms, regular follow-up imaging (such as CT scans or MRIs) is important. Blood and urine tests are also used to monitor kidney function and detect any new issues.

Some symptoms that could suggest recurrence include:

• New pain in the side, back, or bones
• Cough or difficulty breathing
• Unexplained weight loss or fatigue
• Blood in the urine

If recurrence is suspected, doctors may recommend:

• Repeat imaging
• Biopsy
• New treatment, such as immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or further surgery
• Early detection of recurrence improves the chances of successful treatment.

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