What Is Kidney Cancer? Understanding Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Kidney cancer is a disease that starts when cells in the kidneys grow out of control and form a lump called a tumor. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. They filter waste and excess fluid from the blood to make urine. When cancer develops, this normal process is disrupted, and the abnormal cells can invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body if not treated in time.

The most common type of kidney cancer in adults is renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This form starts in the lining of the small tubes inside the kidney that filter the blood. Other less common types include papillary, chromophobe, and collecting duct cancers. In children, a rare form called Wilms tumor is more common.

Doctors do not always know exactly why kidney cancer develops, but several risk factors have been identified. Smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, and a family history of kidney cancer can all increase risk. Certain inherited conditions such as von Hippel–Lindau disease may also raise the chance of developing this cancer.

Early kidney cancer often causes no symptoms, which is why it is sometimes discovered by chance during imaging tests done for other reasons. When symptoms do appear, they can include blood in the urine, persistent pain in the side or lower back, or a lump in the abdomen. Unexplained weight loss, fatigue, or fever may also occur. Because these symptoms can be caused by many other conditions, medical evaluation is important.

Diagnosis usually involves ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, which allow doctors to see the kidney in detail. Blood and urine tests help check kidney function. If a suspicious mass is found, a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment depends on the stage and type of kidney cancer. Options may include surgery, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or radiation therapy. When kidney cancer is detected early, the outlook is generally good, and many patients live normal lives after treatment.

Kidney cancer awareness and timely medical attention can make a significant difference. Anyone with persistent urinary or flank symptoms should seek medical advice without delay.

Looking for more questions?

Visit our Kidney Cancer Questions page for all other topics explained in plain language.


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