What Causes Kidney Cancer?

Kidney cancer develops when cells in the kidneys begin to grow uncontrollably and form a tumor. While the exact cause is not always known, several factors are known to increase the risk of developing this disease.

Smoking is a well-established risk factor. Harmful chemicals in tobacco can damage kidney cells over time, increasing the likelihood of cancer. Obesity is another major contributor, as excess body fat can lead to hormonal changes and inflammation, which may trigger abnormal cell growth.

High blood pressure, even when treated, is linked to a higher risk of kidney cancer. Some studies suggest that both the condition itself and the medications used to manage it could play a role, although the exact relationship is still being studied.

Certain genetic conditions, such as von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease, can increase the risk of kidney cancer, particularly in younger individuals. A family history of kidney cancer also raises the likelihood, especially if a close relative was affected.

Prolonged chronic kidney disease and long-term dialysis are additional risk factors. People who have undergone dialysis for several years have a higher chance of developing kidney tumors, often due to long-standing kidney damage.

Exposure to certain workplace chemicals, such as cadmium or asbestos, has also been associated with an increased risk, though these cases are less common today due to better industrial safety practices.

While not everyone with these risk factors will develop kidney cancer, being aware of them can help guide lifestyle choices and lead to earlier medical evaluation when symptoms arise.

Looking for more questions?

Visit our Kidney Cancer Questions page for all other topics explained in plain language.

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