How Is Kidney Cancer Treated?

Treatment for kidney cancer depends on several factors, including the stage of the cancer, size and location of the tumor, type of kidney cancer, and the patient’s overall health. The main treatment options include surgery, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and, in some cases, active surveillance.

Surgery

Surgery is the most common treatment for kidney cancer, especially in early stages when the tumor is confined to the kidney. Types of surgery include:

  • Partial nephrectomy – removal of the tumor and part of the kidney
  • Radical nephrectomy – removal of the entire kidney, along with surrounding tissue or lymph nodes if needed

Surgery may also be considered in stage 4 cases to reduce the tumor burden before starting systemic treatments.

Immunotherapy

This treatment boosts the body’s immune system to fight cancer. Common drugs include:

  • Nivolumab
  • Pembrolizumab
  • Ipilimumab (often used in combination with others)

Immunotherapy is often used for advanced or metastatic kidney cancer.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted drugs block specific molecules involved in cancer growth. These therapies can slow or stop the spread of cancer and include:

  • Cabozantinib
  • Axitinib
  • Lenvatinib
  • Sunitinib
  • Pazopanib

Targeted therapies are typically used when the cancer cannot be removed surgically or has spread.

Active Surveillance

For small tumors or patients who are elderly or not fit for surgery, doctors may recommend regular monitoring instead of immediate treatment. This approach is known as active surveillance.

Other Options

Less commonly, radiation therapy or ablation techniques (such as freezing or burning the tumor) may be used, especially if surgery is not possible or the goal is symptom relief.

The best treatment plan is determined individually, often by a team of specialists. Many patients with early-stage disease do well with surgery alone, while those with advanced cancer may benefit from a combination of therapies.

Looking for more questions?

Visit our Kidney Cancer Questions page for all other topics explained in plain language.

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