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What Is Kidney Cancer?

Kidney cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the kidneys, the two bean-shaped organs located on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. The kidneys play a crucial role in filtering blood, removing waste products and excess fluids, and producing urine. Understanding kidney cancer is vital for early detection and effective treatment. This comprehensive overview covers the basics of kidney cancer, including its types, causes, symptoms, and treatment options. What is Kidney Cancer? Kidney cancer occurs when cells in the kidney grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor. In most cases, kidney cancer originates in the lining of the tiny tubes inside the kidneys (renal tubules). The cancer can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body if not detected early. There are several types of kidney cancer, with the most common being renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Other less common types include urothelial carcinoma and Wilms tumor, which typically affects children. Causes and Risk Factors
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How is Kidney Cancer Diagnosed?

Understanding how kidney cancer is diagnosed is crucial for anyone seeking information about this disease, which starts in the kidneys—the organs responsible for filtering waste from the blood and creating urine. Early detection can significantly impact treatment outcomes, making awareness of the diagnostic process essential. This guide aims to break down the steps and methods used by healthcare professionals to diagnose kidney cancer, ensuring you are well-informed about this critical phase of cancer care. Recognizing the Symptoms Often, kidney cancer does not cause noticeable symptoms in its early stages. However, as the cancer grows, symptoms such as blood in the urine (hematuria), lower back pain on one side (not caused by injury), a mass or lump on the side or lower back, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, or fever may prompt a visit to the doctor. Recognizing these signs and seeking medical advice is the first step in the diagnostic process. Initial Consultation and Physical Exam
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Prostate Cancer: An Overview

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Prostate cancer is a concern for men, particularly those over 50 or with a family history of the disease. Understanding prostate cancer is crucial for early detection and effective management. While the prospect of prostate cancer can be daunting, advancements in medical science have made it a highly manageable condition, especially when diagnosed early. In this article, I provide an overview of prostate cancer. Prostate cancer: Location of the prostate gland . Source . What is Prostate Cancer? Prostate cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the prostate, a small walnut-shaped gland in men that produces the seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm. This cancer is one of the most common types affecting men and tends to grow slowly, often confined to the prostate gland initially, where it may not cause significant harm. However, while some types of prostate cancer grow slowly and may need minimal or no treatment, others are aggressive and can spread quickly and become metasta
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What is the Survival Rate for Bladder Cancer?

The survival rate for bladder cancer depends on various factors, particularly the stage of the cancer. The survival rate is an estimate of the percentage of people who survive a certain amount of time after being diagnosed with the same type and stage of cancer. Typically, survival rates for bladder cancer, and indeed for all cancers, are presented in terms of 5-year or 10-year intervals.  A 5-year survival rate, for example, refers to the percentage of people who live at least five years after their cancer diagnosis. It is crucial to understand that these rates are based on the outcomes of large numbers of people who had the disease in the past, but they cannot predict what will happen in any individual case.  According to the American Cancer Society, the relative 5-year survival rates for bladder cancer are as follows:  Stage 0: The 5-year survival rate is around 98%.  Stage I: The 5-year survival rate is approximately 88%. Stage II: The 5-year survival rate is about 63%.  Stage III:
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Can Bladder Cancer be Prevented?

No, bladder cancer cannot be entirely prevented. It is a fact of life that some people are simply unfortunate enough to develop bladder cancer. Adopting a lifestyle that avoids tobacco smoking, maintains a balanced diet, limits exposure to harmful chemicals, ensures adequate hydration, and involves being mindful of certain medications and supplements can contribute to a healthier life. However, these measures do not necessarily prevent bladder cancer.
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What are the Risk Factors for Bladder Cancer?

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Is Bladder Cancer Hereditary?

When it comes to bladder cancer, one common question is whether the disease can be inherited. Understanding the genetic factors associated with bladder cancer can help individuals assess their risk and take preventive measures. This article explores the hereditary nature of bladder cancer, explaining how genetics may influence the risk and discussing what this means for families with a history of the disease. The Role of Genetics in Bladder Cancer Bladder cancer, like many other types of cancer, can sometimes appear to "run in families." However, most cases of bladder cancer are not directly inherited in a simple genetic pattern. Instead, what is often inherited is not the cancer itself but a susceptibility to factors that increase the risk of developing the disease. Genetic Mutations and Bladder Cancer Certain genetic mutations can increase the risk of bladder cancer. Researchers have identified changes in specific genes that may enhance an individual's susceptibility to
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Pembrolizumab for Renal Cell Carcinoma

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Pembrolizumab is a checkpoint inhibitor that belongs to a class of drugs called monoclonal antibodies. Pembrolizumab binds to a protein called programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) on the surface of immune cells called T cells, and prevents it from interacting with another protein called programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on the surface of cancer cells. This interaction normally inhibits the activation and function of T cells, allowing cancer cells to escape immune surveillance and attack. By blocking this interaction, pembrolizumab enhances the ability of T cells to recognize and kill cancer cells. Pembrolizumab, used in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma, is a checkpoint inhibitor and belongs to the class of drugs known as monoclonal antibodies. Source . Pembrolizumab and Axitinib for Renal Cell Carcinoma Pembrolizumab has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma in different settings. In 2019, pembrolizumab was approved in combination with axitinib for the
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